Destoxificação e perfil nutricional da torta de mamona destoxificada por diferentes soluções alcalinas / [Detoxification and nutritional profile of the detoxified castor by different alkaline solutions]

Objetivou-se avaliar a destoxificação da torta de mamona bruta (TMB), por meio de dois produtos alcalinos em diferentes concentrações, e seus efeitos sobre a composição química, a degradabilidade in situ da MS e o fracionamento de proteínas. Utilizou-se o hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2] e o hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) em duas concentrações (60 e 90 gramas), diluídos em quatro quantidades de água (1.000; 1.500; 2.000 e 2.500mL de água por quilo de TMB). Observou-se que, das diferentes concentrações utilizadas, somente a utilização de 90 e 60 gramas de Ca(OH)2 e NaOH, respectivamente, conseguiu destoxificar 100% da TMB, ambas diluídas em 2.000mL de água. Por outro lado, ao avaliar o tempo mínimo de contato dos reagentes com a TMB para uma máxima destoxificação, observou-se que três horas de contato é o tempo necessário para os reagentes diminuírem em 100% as proteínas citotóxicas, além de não deixar atividade hemaglutinante nesse material. A destoxificação com o NaOH proporcionou maior degradação das proteínas solúveis e da matéria seca, favorecendo a disponibilização do nitrogênio não proteico, estando sua aplicação em escala industrial na dependência de estudos sobre viabilidade operacional e econômica.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the detoxification of crude castor (DCC) through two alkaline products in different concentrations and their effects on the chemical composition, in situ degradability of DM and the fractionation of proteins. We used the calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in two concentrations (60 and 90 grams) diluted in 4 quantities of water (1,000; 1,500; 2,000 and 2,500ml of water per kilo of DCC). It was observed that in the different concentrations used, only the use of 90 and 60 grams of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH, respectively managed to detoxify 100% of the DCC, both diluted in 2,000ml of water. On the other hand, when assessing the minimum time of contact of the reagents with the DCC for maximum detoxification, it was observed that with three hours of contact is the time required for the reagents decrease in 100% of the cytotoxic proteins, in addition to not leave haemagglutinating activity in this material. The detoxification with NaOH provided greater degradation of soluble proteins and degradation of dry matter, favoring the provision of non-protein nitrogen, while its application on an industrial scale is in the dependence of studies on operational feasibility and cost.(AU)

Biomass components and structure of massai grass fertilized with nitrogen and grazed by sheep / Componentes da biomassa e estrutura do capim-massai adubado com nitrogênio e pastejado por ovinos

To evaluate the biomass components of massai grass subjected to nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (control - 0; 400; 800 and 1200 kg ha-1 year-1 of N) and under rotational stocking with sheep, this study was undertaken using a completely randomized design with measurements repeated in time. A quadratic response was observed reaching maximum values as the levels of nitrogen fertilization increased for green forage biomass, green leaf biomass, green stem biomass (5,172.9; 4,146.3; 1,033.9 kg ha-1 cycle-1, respectively), forage total density (179.1 kg ha-1 cm-1), canopy height (36.8 cm) and live material/dead material ratio (4.0) at levels 896; 934; 797; 879.2; 751.4 and 1,161 kg ha-1 year-1 of N, respectively. For all variables, oscillation was observed between the grazing cycles studied. Nitrogen fertilization has a positive response on the biomass components and canopy structure of massai grass.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes da biomassa do capim-massai sob lotação rotativa com ovinos e adubado com doses de nitrogênio (controle - 0; 400; 800 e 1200 kg de N ha -1 ano -1 ), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. Constatou-se resposta quadrática, alcançando valores máximos com o incremento das doses de nitrogênio para as produções de biomassa de forragem verde, de lâmina foliar verde, de colmo verde (5172,9; 4146,3; 1033,9 kg ha -1 ciclo -1 , respectivamente) e para a densidade total de forragem (179,1 kg ha -1 cm -1 ), altura do dossel (36,8 cm) e relação material vivo/material morto (4,0) nas doses 896; 934; 797; 879,2; 751,4 e 1161 kg ha -1 ano -1 de N, respectivamente. Para todas as variáveis, verificou-se oscilação entre os ciclos de pastejo estudados. A adubação nitrogenada exerce respostas positivas sobre os componentes da biomassa e a estrutura do dossel do capim-massai.(AU)

Nutritional evaluation and productivity of supplemented sheep grazing in semiarid rangeland of northeastern Brazil.

Sheep production systems in Brazilian caatinga rangelands require supplementation adapted to changes in floristic and chemical composition as dry seasons progress. Meeting sheep nutritional needs in extensive semiarid systems is challenging because of sheep dietary preferences and habits. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the substitutive effect of concentrate supplementation on grazing sheep in the Brazilian caatinga rangeland and its consequences on performance in different seasons. The trial was conducted from March to August 2013 at Embrapa Goat and Sheep in Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil. Thirty-two Brazilian Somali multiparous ewes were submitted to estrus synchronization and controlled breeding. At the start of the trial, ewes averaged 30.45 + 2.60 kg body weight (BW). Ewes were divided into four groups and individually offered 0, 200, 350, or 500 g supplement head-1 day-1. Intake prediction and digestibility trials were evaluated at three periods: rainy season (April), transition rainy-dry (June), and dry season (August). Sheep weights were taken every 14 days to measure their performance from late gestation until weaning. Ewe BW and body condition score changes were determined too. Lamb BW changes were also measured every 14 days from birth through weaning. A completely randomized design with split plot arrangement using eight replications was used for intake and digestibility measurements. The differences between supplement offered (0, 200, 350, and 500 g sheep-1) and season (rainy, transition rainy-dry, and dry) were submitted to analyses of variance and multiple means were separated, where differences were detected, using the Tukey's test. During lactation up through weaning, ewes supplemented at 500 g day-1 had greater BW than ewes without supplement. Ewes supplemented with 200 g concentrate head-1 day-1 had 9.1% greater (P ≤ 0.05) BW at weaning and their lambs had 19.7% greater birth and 16.6% heavier wean BW despite lower dry matter intake compared to unsupplemented animals. Supplementation with 200 g concentrate increased carrying capacity by 28.8% during the dry season and by 20.5% during the rainy season. This study confirmed that in the dry season, when quality of rangeland forages decreases, supplementation contributes to greater DMI, improves postpartum and lactation BW recovery of ewes, and contributes to greater lamb birth and wean weights. Moreover, supplementation leads to feed substitution effects that may increase rangeland resilience by mitigating overgrazing. Supplementation with 200 g concentrate can also prevent negative energy balance for grazing animals, improving longer postnatal recovery, longer intervals between parturitions, fewer double and is necessary to ensure a better BW at birth to lambs.

Parameters of the reproductive tract, spermatogenesis, daily sperm production and major seminal plasma proteins of tropically adapted morada nova rams.

This study describes the reproductive parameters of Morada Nova rams, a breed of hair sheep from Brazil and with unique adaption to tropical environments. At 42 weeks of age, 15 rams were subjected to semen collection and, 1 week later, animals were slaughtered for collection of testes, epididymis and accessory sex glands. We conducted 2-D electrophoresis of seminal plasma proteins and major spots of stained gels were identified by LC-MS/MS. Total RNA was isolated from testis, epididymis and vesicular glands and subjected to qPCR. At slaughter, scrotal circumference and testicular weight were 27.5 ± 0.5 cm and 109.5 ± 6.0 g, respectively. Seminiferous tubule (ST) diameter was 188.3 ± 4.0 µm and each testis contained 1.9 ± 0.1 Sertoli cells (×10(9) ). Each Sertoli cell supported 0.1 ± 0.01 A spermatogonia, 3.0 ± 0.2 pachytene spermatocytes and 7.7 ± 0.5 round spermatids/tubule cross section. Daily sperm production reached 5.6 × 10(6)  cells/g of testis parenchyma. Testis size appeared as indicative of ST diameter and associated with epididymal measurements, as well as with the population of round spermatids and Sertoli cells/testis. Rams with heavier testes had greater daily sperm production and more Sertoli cells/testis. We detected 90.9 ± 9.6 spots per 2-D gel of seminal plasma. Major seminal proteins were identified as ram seminal vesicle proteins at 14 and 22 kDa, representing 16.2% and 12.8% of the total intensity of valid spots in the gels, respectively. Expression of both genes was greater in the vesicular glands as compared to testis and epididymis. Pixel intensity for those proteins in the 2-D gels was significantly correlated with seminal vesicle weight. This is the first description of the basic reproductive aspects of Morada Nova rams, including protein profiles of their seminal plasma. These findings will allow a better understanding of their reproductive physiology.

Valor nutritivo de dietas contendo torta de mamona submetida a métodos alternativos de destoxificação para ovinos / Nutritive value of feeds containing castor bean cake subjected to alternative methods of detoxification for sheep

Avaliaram-se o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes por ovinos alimentados com rações contendo torta de mamona sem tratamento (NT), tratadas com calcário calcítico (CC), ureia (UR), fosfato monobicálcico (FOS) e por autoclave (ACL). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, sendo 10 machos inteiros e 10 fêmeas, mestiços de raça Morada Nova. As dietas foram isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. A ricina foi parcialmente desnaturada pelos tratamentos de destoxificação da torta de mamona. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos de destoxificação da torta de mamona sobre o consumo de nutrientes. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro no tratamento NT foi de 57,5 por cento, maior que no tratamento CC, de 52,4 por cento. A digestibilidade do extrato etéreo foi mais alta no tratamento CC, média de 71,3 por cento, em relação ao tratamento FOS, de 68,2 por cento. Houve maior consumo de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido dos machos em relação às fêmeas quando o consumo foi expresso em g/dia. A torta de mamona NT pode ser utilizada em dietas de ovinos como alimento proteico alternativo, participando em até 8 por cento da dieta total, sem ocasionar redução expressiva no consumo e na digestibilidade.

Feed intake and digestibility were evaluate in sheep fed diets containing castor bean cake with no treatment (NT), treated with calcium carbonate (CC), urea (UR), phosphate monodicalcium (FOS) and autoclave (ACL). We used 20 sheep in a randomized block design, being 10 males and 10 females, crossbred Morada Nova. The diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Ricin was partially denatured through the treatments of detoxification of the castor bean cake. There was no treatment effect of detoxification of the castor bean cake on the intake of nutrients. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in the NT treatment had a 57.52 percent average, higher than the CC treatment which had an average of 52.42 percent. The digestibility of ether extract was higher in CC treatment, which had an average of 71.29 percent compared to the FOS treatment that had an average of 68.22 percent. Regarding the effect of sex, there was a higher intake of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in males compared to females when intake was expressed as g/day. The castor bean cake NT can be used in rations for sheep as an alternative protein source participating in up to 8 percent of the total ration, without causing significant reductions in intake and digestibility.

Desempenho de ovinos em capim-tanzânia sob lotação rotativa com quatro proporções de suplementação concentrada / Performance of sheep raised on Tanzania grass under intermittent stocking with four proportions of concentrate supplementation

Avaliou-se o desempenho de ovinos em capim-tanzânia sob lotação rotativa com quatro proporções de suplementação concentrada 0 por cento, 0,6 por cento, 1,2 por cento e 1,8 por cento do peso vivo (PV), e oito repetições, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com período de ocupação de três dias e descanso de 21 dias. Foram avaliados o ganho médio diário (GMD), o ganho de peso total (GPT), o número de dias para alcançar 12kg (D12), a taxa de lotação em ovinos/ha (TLO) e em UA/ha (TLUA), o rendimento de peso vivo (RPV) e a conversão alimentar do concentrado (CAC). Observou-se efeito quadrático da proporção de suplementação sobre o GMD que foi estimado em 65,87 e 113,15g/dia para os animais não suplementados e suplementados com 1,8 por cento do PV. O suplemento também teve efeito quadrático sobre o GPT. O D12 estimado para os ovinos não suplementados foi de 204 dias, reduzindo-se para 113 dias para os animais suplementados com 1,8 por cento do PV. Quanto à TLO e TLUA, observou-se efeito quadrático da proporção de suplementação. Observou-se efeito linear negativo da proporção de suplementação sobre RPV. A CAC foi melhor entre os animais suplementados com 0,6 por cento do PV. A utilização da suplementação até 1,2 por cento PV melhorou o desempenho dos ovinos em pastejo.

This study evaluated the performance of sheep raised on Tanzania grass under intermittent stocking with four supplementation proportions 0; 0.6; 1.2, and 1.8 percent of live weight (LW) and eight replicates, in a completely randomized design with tree grazing periods, and 21 rest periods. The average daily gain (GMD), the total weight gain (GPT), the days to reach 12kg (D12), the stocking rate (sheep/ha - TLO and animal unit/ha - TLUA), the live weight yield (RPV), and the concentrate: gain ratio (CAC) was evaluated. It was observed a square effect of supplementation proportions on GMD, estimated in 65.87 and 113.15g/day for male sheep that was not supplemented and received 1.8 percent LW supplement. It was observed a square effect of supplementation level on GPT. The D12 to 0 percent LW level was estimated in 204 days, decreasing to 113 days when the sheep received 1.8 percent LW supplement. It was observed square effects of supplementation proportions on TLO and TLUA. It was observed a negative linear effect of supplementation proportions on RPV. The CAC presented the best response for sheep that received 0.6 percent LW supplementation proportion. It can be concluded that sheep supplementation until 1.2 percent LW level provided improvement on performance of grazing sheep.